Lex Fridman Podcast - #488 – Infinity, Paradoxes that Broke Mathematics, Gödel Incompleteness & the Multiverse – Joel David Hamkins

Joel David Hamkins is a mathematician and philosopher specializing in set theory, the foundations of mathematics, and the nature of infinity, and he’s the #1 highest-rated user on MathOverflow. He is also the author of several books, including Proof and the Art of Mathematics and Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics. And he has a great blog called Infinitely More.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep488-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/joel-david-hamkins-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Joel’s X: https://x.com/JDHamkins
Joel’s Website: https://jdh.hamkins.org
Joel’s Substack: https://www.infinitelymore.xyz
Joel’s MathOverflow: https://mathoverflow.net/users/1946/joel-david-hamkins
Joel’s Papers: https://jdh.hamkins.org/publications
Joel’s Books:
Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3MThaAt
Proof and the Art of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3YACc9A

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(15:40) – Infinity & paradoxes
(1:02:50) – Russell’s paradox
(1:15:57) – Gödel’s incompleteness theorems
(1:33:28) – Truth vs proof
(1:44:52) – The Halting Problem
(2:00:45) – Does infinity exist?
(2:18:19) – MathOverflow
(2:22:12) – The Continuum Hypothesis
(2:31:58) – Hardest problems in mathematics
(2:41:25) – Mathematical multiverse
(3:00:18) – Surreal numbers
(3:10:55) – Conway’s Game of Life
(3:13:11) – Computability theory
(3:23:04) – P vs NP
(3:26:21) – Greatest mathematicians in history
(3:40:05) – Infinite chess
(3:58:24) – Most beautiful idea in mathematics

Big Technology Podcast - Best of Big Technology: Demis Hassabis On AGI, Deceptive AIs, Building a Virtual Cell

Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind. He joined Big Technology Podcast in early 2025 discuss the cutting edge of AI and where the research is heading. In this conversation, we cover the path to artificial general intelligence, how long it will take to get there, how to build world models, whether AIs can be creative, and how AIs are trying to deceive researchers. Stay tuned for the second half where we discuss Google's plan for smart glasses and Hassabis's vision for a virtual cell. Hit play for a fascinating discussion with an AI pioneer that will both break news and leave you deeply informed about the state of AI and its promising future.

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Code Story: Insights from Startup Tech Leaders - Season Favorite – Jens Neuse, Wundergraph

Jens Neuse grew up in Germany, originally planning to be a carpenter. In his 2nd year as an apprentice, he was in a motorcycle wreck that thrust him into a process of surgery and healing. Eventually, he decided he wouldn't be doing carpentry, and got into sysadmin work. Once he got bored with this, he moved into startups, learned how to code, and starting digging into programming, API's and eventually - GraphQL federation. Outside of tech, he is married with 3 young kids. He loves to sit ski on the mountain - which is the coolest carbon fiber chair on a ski, where you steer with your knees and hips.

After chasing building a better Apollo, Jens and his team ran into a point where their prior product and company was doomed to go under. When they accepted this fact, they started to think about what people actually wanted - and started to dig into the federation of GraphQL.

This is the creation story of Wundergraph.

Sponsors


Links



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The Stack Overflow Podcast - How AI is helping us build better communities

MIT and Stanford professor Alex “Sandy” Pentland joins the show to explore the power of communities for shared knowledge and how AI could hurt or help the growth of these communities. Ryan and Sandy dive into the findings from Sandy’s new book Shared Wisdom: Cultural Evolution in the Age of AI, the ethical implications of rapidly advancing technology, and AI’s potential to foster community dialogue and decision-making. 

Episode notes:

Sandy’s new book Shared Wisdom: Cultural Evolution in the Age of AI explores how we can build a flourishing society by using what we know about human nature to design our technology—rather than letting technology shape our society.

Connect with Sandy on Linkedin. Check out the work he’s doing with AI at deliberation.io and Loyal Agents.

Congratulations to user Harshal for winning a Populist badge on their answer to How to start search only when user stops typing?

TRANSCRIPT

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Talk Python To Me - #532: 2025 Python Year in Review

Python in 2025 is in a delightfully refreshing place: the GIL's days are numbered, packaging is getting sharper tools, and the type checkers are multiplying like gremlins snacking after midnight. On this episode, we have an amazing panel to give us a range of perspectives on what matter in 2025 in Python. We have Barry Warsaw, Brett Cannon, Gregory Kapfhammer, Jodie Burchell, Reuven Lerner, and Thomas Wouters on to give us their thoughts.

Episode sponsors

Seer: AI Debugging, Code TALKPYTHON
Talk Python Courses

Python Software Foundation (PSF): www.python.org
PEP 810: Explicit lazy imports: peps.python.org
PEP 779: Free-threaded Python is officially supported: peps.python.org
PEP 723: Inline script metadata: peps.python.org
PyCharm: www.jetbrains.com
JetBrains: www.jetbrains.com
Visual Studio Code: code.visualstudio.com
pandas: pandas.pydata.org
PydanticAI: ai.pydantic.dev
OpenAI API docs: platform.openai.com
uv: docs.astral.sh
Hatch: github.com
PDM: pdm-project.org
Poetry: python-poetry.org
Project Jupyter: jupyter.org
JupyterLite: jupyterlite.readthedocs.io
PEP 690: Lazy Imports: peps.python.org
PyTorch: pytorch.org
Python concurrent.futures: docs.python.org
Python Package Index (PyPI): pypi.org
EuroPython: tickets.europython.eu
TensorFlow: www.tensorflow.org
Keras: keras.io
PyCon US: us.pycon.org
NumFOCUS: numfocus.org
Python discussion forum (discuss.python.org): discuss.python.org
Language Server Protocol: microsoft.github.io
mypy: mypy-lang.org
Pyright: github.com
Pylance: marketplace.visualstudio.com
Pyrefly: github.com
ty: github.com
Zuban: docs.zubanls.com
Jedi: jedi.readthedocs.io
GitHub: github.com
PyOhio: www.pyohio.org

Watch this episode on YouTube: youtube.com
Episode #532 deep-dive: talkpython.fm/532
Episode transcripts: talkpython.fm

Theme Song: Developer Rap
🥁 Served in a Flask 🎸: talkpython.fm/flasksong

---== Don't be a stranger ==---
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X.com: @talkpython

Michael on Bluesky: @mkennedy.codes
Michael on Mastodon: @mkennedy@fosstodon.org
Michael on X.com: @mkennedy

Big Technology Podcast - Alex And Ranjan’s 2026 Outlook: ChatGPT 1 Billion, AI Shopping, Apple’s Big Year, AI Love Boom

Ranjan Roy from Margins is back for our weekly discussion of the latest tech news. This week, we do our 2026 predictions in an abbreviated holiday-time episode. Here's what we cover: 1) AI agents start to work 2) ChatGPT hitting 1 billion users 3) AI shopping takes off 4) Ranjan gets a folding phone 5) Apple's best year ever 5) AI love boom arrives 6) AI infrastructure washout 7) 2026 Market and Performance 8) OpenAI's position 9) Does Alexandr Wang stay at Meta?

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Wealthfront.com/bigtech. If eligible for the overall boosted 3.90% rate offered with this promo, your boosted rate is subject to change if the 3.25% base rate decreases during the 3-month promo period.

The Cash Account, which is not a deposit account, is offered by Wealthfront Brokerage LLC ("Wealthfront Brokerage"), Member FINRA/SIPC, not a bank. The Annual Percentage Yield ("APY") on cash deposits as of 12/19/25, is representative, requires no minimum, and may change at any time. The APY reflects the weighted average of deposit balances at participating Program Banks, which are not allocated equally. Wealthfront Brokerage sweeps cash balances to Program Banks, where they earn the variable base APY.

Instant withdrawals are subject to certain conditions and processing times may vary.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Stack Overflow Podcast - Containers are easy—moving your legacy system off your VM is not

Ryan sits down with Dan Ciruli, VP and General Manager of Cloud Native at Nutanix, to talk about getting your virtual machines and Kubernetes to play nice in cloud-native environments, why VMs are still relevant in enterprise applications, and how AI can help modernize legacy systems. 

Episode notes: 

Nutanix combines compute, storage, virtualization, and networking so you can run applications and manage data across on-premises datacenters, public clouds, and edge locations all on one platform. 

Connect with Dan on Linkedin and Bluesky.

Congrats to Necromancer badge winner David Ferenczy Rogožan! They won the badge on their answer to Where does adb shell mkdir create directories.

TRANSCRIPT

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Big Technology Podcast - 2025 In Review, 2026 Predictions — With Reed Albergotti

Reed Albergotti is the technology editor at Semafor. Albergotti joins Big Technology Podcast to break down which companies are best positioned in the coming year. We cover Meta’s superintelligence gamble, Google’s Gemini push, OpenAI’s model race, and the rise of AI companions. We also discuss Tesla’s self-driving moment of truth, Nvidia’s upside and risks, Microsoft’s Copilot dilemma, big media and streaming shake-ups, Anthropic’s IPO prospects, SPACs and private equity, quantum, and the strange new love stories people are forming with their bots. Hit play for a fast, prediction-packed tour through the year in tech—and a sharp, entertaining look at where the AI economy and Big Tech are headed next.


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Code Story: Insights from Startup Tech Leaders - S11 E30: Brandon Card, Terzo

Brandon Card has always been involved in sports. In High School, he was a 3 sport athlete and still plays today, along side working out, doing yoga and pilates. He's heavily interested in holistic healing and alternative medicine, mentioning a big interest in quantum frequency healing, using the sun and ocean to add voltage to the body. He has also started a foundation around mental health, as sadly, he lost his co-founder to suicide, and wishes to remove the stigma from the mental health conversation.

Brandon and his co-founder realized that all software platforms around contracts were directed towards lawyers - not towards finance. This was mind blowing, as negotiations are mostly finance driven, not based on the paragraphs of legal jargon. Brandon wanted to build something to serve this need.

This is the creation story of Terzo.

Sponsors

Links




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The Stack Overflow Podcast - Settle down, nerds. AI is a normal technology

Ryan welcomes Anil Dash, writer and former Stack Overflow board member, back to the show to discuss how AI is not a magical technology, but rather the normal next step in computing’s evolution. They explore the importance of democratizing access to technology, the unique challenges that LLMs’ non-determinism poses, and how developers can keep Stack Overflow’s ethos of community alive in a world of AI. 

Episode notes

Anil is a tech entrepreneur (former CEO at our sister company Fog Creek Software) and writer. You can find him at his blog anildash.com and on Linkedin

Check out the last time Anil was on the pod in 2020 to talk all things Glitch and Glimmer. 

Shoutout to user pgrad for winning a Lifejacket badge on their answer to Using type hint Any in Django - NameError: name 'Any' is not defined.

TRANSCRIPT

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