Native American History of Washington, DC (History Press, 2023) by Dr. Armand Lione is a comprehensive recounting at the overlooked history of the Indigenous people who lived in the area for many years before the arrival of colonists. The book, dedicated to increasing public awareness of this history, aims to fill the historical gap that has long been ignored in the nation's capital. Lione, a toxicologist and historian, began his research after being inspired by the public acknowledgment of Indigenous people in Melbourne, Australia.
The book's central argument is that the history of Native Americans in Washington, DC, has been essentially "overlooked" or "erased from public view". Lione's research debunks the common "myth of a swamp," which suggests the land was empty before the capital was founded. Instead, he presents extensive evidence of a rich Native presence, focusing on the Anacostan people of the Piscataway tribe.
The author meticulously documents numerous archaeological sites and artifacts found throughout the city. These findings prove that the land was inhabited for centuries. Highlights include:
- The Native Village Near the Capitol: The book details the findings of archaeologist Samuel Vincent Proudfit, who in the 1880s identified a Native village site just five blocks from the U.S. Capitol, on land that became Garfield Park and the Daniel Carroll estate.
- The White House Grounds: In the 1970s, construction for a new swimming pool on the White House grounds uncovered seventeen Native American artifacts, including quartzite points and pottery fragments.
- A High-Status Burial in Foggy Bottom: Archaeological digs for a new highway ramp in 1997 revealed three significant Native sites, including a burial pit with the cremated remains and grave goods of a high-status woman from about 1,200 years ago. This is described as "The most significant prehistoric discovery in the city of Washington".
- Anacostia-Bolling Military Base: Lione pinpoints the Anacostan chief's village and a Native burial ground to the area that is now the Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling. In 1936, two ossuaries (common burial sites) containing the remains of about 130 individuals were found during airfield expansion.
- Native Quarries in Northwest DC: The book details two major Native quarries in northwest DC: the Piney Branch Quartzite Quarry and the Rose Hill Soapstone Quarry, where Native Americans worked stone for tools and pots for thousands of years.
Lione also explores the historical record of the Anacostans, explaining how their name was derived from a linguistic mistake by English settlers and how the tribe was a hub of traders. The book introduces Henry Fleete, a young English settler who lived with the Anacostans for five years in the 1620s and returned with fluency in their language, later becoming a successful trader.
In the epilogue, Lione asks why this rich history has been overlooked. He suggests that a mix of indifference, an underlying shame about colonial history, and a lack of public markers are to blame. The author advocates for actionable steps, such as using Native land acknowledgments, teaching this history in schools, and supporting local Piscataway tribes through donations and land trusts. He created the DC Native History Project to bring this history to public attention and has seen small victories, such as a land acknowledgment at the DC Public Library and the Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling updating its history to include the Anacostan presence. Lione concludes with a call to action for readers to help ensure this history is no longer forgotten.
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